Імена твої, Україно - Корсак Иван Феодосеевич "Korsak" - Страница 84

свій перший тест на людині – на собі. Під час епідемії холери в Індії у 1893 р. він

поїхав до Калькутти та запропонував нове профілактичне щеплення. Спочатку

місцеві медичні установи критикували Хавкіна, але потім прийняли це щеплення.

Хавкін приїхав до Бомбея під час вибуху епідемії чуми у жовтні 1896 року.

Він організував лабораторію в Грант Медікал Коледж та розпочав роботу

над профілактичними та лікувальними засобами. Лікувальну сироватку було

протестовано через чотири місяці, але вона виявилася ненадійною; наголос

змістився на профілактичну вакцину із використанням мертвої бактерії. Форма,

доволі придатна для випробовування на людях, була готова вже до січня 1897 р. Її

протестували на добровольцях у в’язниці Байкулла наступного місяця. Використання

вакцини розпочалося негайно.

Визнання не забарилося. Ага Кхан надав будинок для розміщення Лабораторії

дослідження чуми Хавкіна, а інші видатні жителі Бомбея підтримували його

дослідження. Однак товариство медиків йому не дуже симпатизувало. 1920 року

вакцина спричинила 19 випадків правцю. Слідча комісія звинуватила Хавкіна, якого

звільнили з посади директора Лабораторії з дослідження чуми. В англійському

інституті Лістера було переглянуто доповідь комісії й відкинуто таке рішення,

натомість було звинувачено лікаря, який робив ін’єкції. Хавкіна виправдали.

Він повернувся до Франції, поселився в Болоні-на-Сені та вряди-годи писав для

медичних журналів. 1925 року, коли лабораторію з дослідження чуми в Бомбеї було

перейменовано на «Інститут Хавкіна», він написав, що «…робота в Бомбеї ввібрала

в себе найкращі роки мого життя…». Він знову відвідав Одесу 1927 року, але не зміг

адаптуватися до величезних змін після революції. Переїхав до Лозанни 1928 року та

залишався там протягом двох останніх років життя».

Посилання:

http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/persons/wm-haffkine.html

http://encycl.opentopia.com/term/Waldemar_HaffkineEncyclopedia Judaica (1971)

[85] http://Volodymyr_havkin.totallyexplained.com/,

Waldemar Mordecai Wolff Haffkine (March 15, 1860, Odessa, Russia – October

26, 1930, Lausanne, Switzerland) was a bacteriologist who mainly worked in India. He

was the first microbiologist who developed and used vaccines against cholera and bubonic

plague. He tested the vaccines on himself. Lord Joseph Lister named him «a savior of

humanity».

Early years

Born Volodymyr Aaronovich Havkin (), the fourth of five children in a family of a

Jewish schoolmaster in Odessa, Russian Empire, he received his education in Odessa,

Berdyansk and St. Petersburg.

 For a short time, young Haffkine was a member of Narodnaya Volya, but after the

group turned to terrorism against public officials, he broke up with the revolutionary

movement. He was also a member of the Jewish League for Self-Defense. Haffkine was

injured while defending a Jewish home during a pogrom, as a result he was arrested but

later released due to the intervention of Ilya Mechnikov. Haffkine continued his studies

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with famous biologist Ilya Mechnikov, but after the assassination of Tsar Alexander II,

the government increasingly cracked down on people it considered suspicious, including

intelligentsia. Mechnikov left the country for Pasteur Institute in Paris. In 1888, Haffkine

was allowed to emigrate to Switzerland and began his work at the University of Geneva.

In 1889 he joined Mechnikov and Louis Pasteur in Paris.

Anti-cholera vaccine

At the time, one of the five great cholera pandemics of the nineteenth century ravaged

Asia and Europe. Even though Robert Koch discovered Vibrio cholerae in 1883, the medical

science at that time didn’t consider it a sole cause of the disease. This view was supported

by experiments by several biologists, notably Jaime Ferran in Spain. Haffkine focused his

research on developing cholera vaccine and produced an attenuated form of the bacterium.

Risking his own life, on July 18, 1892, Haffkine performed the first human test on himself and

reported his findings on July 30 to the Biological Society. Even though his discovery caused

enthusiastic stir in the press, it wasn’t widely accepted by his senior colleagues, including both

Mechnikov and Pasteur, nor by European official medical establishment in France, Germany

and Russia. The scientist decided to move to India where hundreds of thousands died from

ongoing epidemics. At first, he was met with deep suspicion and survived an assassination

attempt by Islamic extremists but during the first year there (1893), he managed to vaccinate

about 25,000 volunteers, most of whom survived. After contracting malaria, Haffkine had to

return to France. In his August 1895 report to Royal College of Physicians in London about

the results of his Indian expedition, Haffkine dedicated his successes to Pasteur, who recently

died. In March 1896, against his doctor’s advice, Haffkine returned to India and performed

30,000 vaccinations in seven months.

Anti-plague vaccine

In October 1896, an epidemic of bubonic plague struck Bombay and the government

asked Haffkine to help. He embarked upon the development of a vaccine in a makeshift

laboratory in a corridor of Grant Medical College. In three months of persistent work

(one of his assistants got nervous breakdown, two others quit), a form for human trials

was ready and on January 10, 1897 Haffkine tested it on himself. After these results were

announced to the authorities, volunteers at the Byculla jail were inoculated and survived

the epidemics, while seven inmates of the control group died. Haffkine’s successes in

fighting the ongoing epidemics were undisputable, but some officials still insisted on old

methods based on sanitarianism: washing homes by firehose with lime, herding affected

and suspected persons in camps and hospitals, and restricting travel. Even though the

official Russia was still unsympathetic to his research, Haffkine’s Russian colleagues

doctors V.K. Vysokovich and D.K. Zabolotny visited him in Bombay and during the 1898

cholera outbreak in the Russian Empire, the vaccine called «лимфа Хавкина» («limfa

Havkina», Havkin’s lymph) saved thousands of lives across the empire. By the turn of the

century, the number of inoculees in India alone reached four millions and doctor Haffkine

was appointed the Director of the Plague Laboratory in Bombay

Connection with Zionism

In 1898, Haffkine approached Aga Khan III with an offer for Sultan Abdul Hamid

II to resettle Jews in Palestine, then a province of the Ottoman Empire: the effort «could

be progressively undertaken in the Holy Land», «the land would be obtained by purchase

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from the Sultan’s subjects», «the capital was to be provided by wealthier members of the

Jewish community», but the plan was rejected.

Little Dreyfus affair